Disasterous Eating Disorders Essay - 2355 Words

Disasterous Eating Disorders Americans obsessions with their bodies has become a hot topic lately. From personal observation and research, I have seen the obsession become more severe. Web sites dealing with eating disorders are some of the most commonly visited web sites. We have a problem. The obsessions are becoming too serious, even fatal. Americans today have become slaves to the diet and fitness industries, resulting in an increased number of eating disorder cases over the past few years. If Americans are not educated about the complicated causes and effects of eating disorders then the plague of the 90’s, eating disorders, is going to continue to kill. The following paragraphs are a start to the education. They deal†¦show more content†¦By being aware they may be able to conquer the destroying demons inside of them. We are constantly reminded of our imperfections through modern propaganda and this may be a factor in the negative thoughts one may have but how much can one blame on magazines, billboards and television for problems created with-in our own minds? Some psychologists believe that repeated exposure to images of thin women in magazines, TV and the movies is directly linked to the rise in the number of eating disorders in the US (Shape Magazine, 1995). Many doctors who treat patients with eating disorders are convinced that these disorders could be eliminated if society placed less emphasis on weight, diets and thinness (Jenish 4). Eliminated is a strong and very powerful word. Can society really be responsible for creating or powerful enough to eliminate eating disorders? Although the media and society have a great impact on individuals, the trend of weight obsession and eating disorders is much more complicated than the pressures from society A current issue that proves society is not the main cause of eating disorders is that of Miss Universe 1996. After winning the title of Miss Universe 1996, the crowned beauty went from 130 pounds at 6 feet tall to 150+ pounds. The media jumped all over her and claimed she was fat and needed to loose weight. For a 6 foot

Maslow s Humanistic Approach Theory - 1666 Words

Maslow’s Humanistic Approach theory was based solely on what motivates people to reach our highest potential. He believed that individuals have set motivation systems and individuals achieve a set of needs by passing these motivation systems. Maslow believed these stages were set in a hierarchal order and that the lowest system must be accomplished before moving up. He believed there to be eight stages in his hierarchy. He believed that every person is capable to move up the hierarchy as long as there basic needs are encountered and they have the desire to reach the highest potential. According to Maslow, only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualisation (NetMBA, 2002). The first stage of Maslow’s hierarchy†¦show more content†¦Until she meets a man that can provide this basic need in life, she will continue feeling lonely and will continue being desperate for this need. Sex can help boost your spirits through mood-elevating endo rphins. Without the benefit of these natural pick-me-ups, you might be prone to feeling low (Streicher, 2017). Even though she has dated men in the past, they have not met her needs in a man and therefore she has not been motivated to move up the hierarchy. Even when she thought she found a man that met her standards, she would still end up hurt and would fall down the hierarchy back to stage one. It is proven in the scenario that Ruth also likes her men intelligent, as she believes that if this individual is intelligent, they will understand her as an individual better and they will pursue and motivate her to reach the self-actualisation that she needs. When Ruth believed she found ‘the one’ and continued to chat online with him for hours upon hours, her basic need for sex was skipped until she met him in person as she believed that all of her other basic needs were already met. The next stage that Ruth had to undergo in this relationship were her safety needs. As she continued to talk to him online and did not have any sense of suspiciousness towards him not being whom he said he was, her safety needs towards him were encountered. They safety needs were also met when Ruth gave out her address for her new online chatter to send her gifts, as she believed that she wasShow MoreRelatedHumanistic Theories Debate On Abraham Maslow And Carl Rogers1617 Words   |  7 Pages Humanistic Theories Debate Team B – Anthony Garcia, Becky Billison, Cher Keen, Britanie McKernan, Megan Groulx PSY/310 September 7, 2015 Dr. Sadie Fine â€Æ' Humanistic Theories Debate In the debate between Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both whom are humanistic theorists that share a mutual interest in the teachings of self-actualization, will discuss the specifics of their individual theories regarding the main points, their contributions, and the criticism they have received about their theoriesRead MoreEvaluate The Theory Of Motivation From Humanistic Perspective Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluate the theory of motivation from the Humanistic perspective. By Marialena Posteraro Throughout this paper evaluation of motivation from a Humanistic perspective will be examined. Motivation is the drive within humans that makes us act, it is a process that influences goal directed behavior. Drives are considered internal factors that push an organism into action. Throughout our lives, we have certain drives within us that motivate us to behave and act in a certain way to fulfill ourRead MorePsychology : The Positive Psychology Movement1269 Words   |  6 Pagesaspects in determining how to enhance the personality by helping individuals recognize their human potential to learn and achieve. In this assignment one will compare the view points of Maslow, Rogers, and the positive psychology movement concerning individual personality. Recent studies have shown that personality theory and assessment plays an important role in the new era of positive psychology. Positive psychology today, emphasizes that personal strengths and their contribution to an individual well-beingRead MorePsychology : Theories Of Personality1577 Words   |  7 Pages THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 4 (ANALYZE THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING PERSONALITY) Faculty Use Only The Humanistic Approach to Understanding Personality In the 1950?s, the field of psychology was dominated mainly by two schools of thought: psychoanalytic theory (the unconscious mind and unconscious motivations that shape human behavior), and behaviorism (the ways in which conditioning processes shape human behavior). To many humanistic andRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn Psychology There are six modern psychological perspectives. These perspectives are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, social, cultural, and biological. Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining human behavior. I think that really explains the complex mental processes and behavior, and each prospective study should not be limited to just one. The following is my explanation of the terms and comparisons between the psychodynamic and behavioral aspects relating to the OctoberRead MoreMaslow s Theory Of Motivation Based On A Holistic Approach919 Words   |  4 PagesMaslow dealt with the psychologica l growth process, considered man as a biological organism, and began his study with the theory of motivation based on a holistic approach. The holistic approach paints a multidimensional whole picture of a person integrating the physical, mental, and spiritual through a growth perspective. According to Sengupta (2011), â€Å"Maslow defines growth as the continuous development of talents, capacities, creativity, wisdom and character, the various processes, which bringRead MoreOverview of Humanistic Psychology Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pages Humanistic Psychology is a psychological perspective that highlights the study of a person in whole. These psychologist look at human behavior not just through the eyes of the viewer, but also through the eyes of the client that has the behavior. These psychologist believe that an individuals behavior is associated to his or her intimate feelings and their self image. Humanistic psychologist accepts human beings are not just a commodity of the environment. These psychologist study human meaningsRead MoreHumanistic Approach1074 Words   |  5 PagesComparing and analyzing the biological and humanistic approaches to personality can be a difference of opinions. Abraham Maslow studied the development of personality. Maslow developed his own personality theory based on the basic human needs. His hierarchy of needs pyramid shows the influences of human needs to the formation of unique individual personality. There are biological factors that influence the formation of individual personality that play a factor. By reviewing the relationshipsRead MoreThe Humanistic Theory Of Humanistic And Behaviorist761 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor and Classmates: In discussing two of the chosen theories, I made my decision to choose Humanistic and Behaviorist. In the Humanistic Theory, people are often looked upon as to handling their lives and actions, and they have the freedom and will to change their attitudes and behavior. Two important humanistic theorists and psychologists were, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Abraham Maslow was a psychotherapist, considered the founder of the humanist movement in psychology. He examinedRead MoreAbraham Maslow Life Span Development and Personality1082 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Maslow Life Span Development and Personality Abraham Maslow was born April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. Abraham Maslow grew up in Brooklyn, New York, the first of seven children born to his Jewish parents who emigrated from Russia. His parents were uneducated, but they insisted that he study law. Maslow later described his early childhood as unhappy and lonely, and he spent much of his time in the library immersed in books. At first, Abraham acceded to their wishes and enrolled in the

Domestic Violence Overcoming A Traumatic Event - 1799 Words

Domestic Violence: Overcoming a Traumatic Event as the Victim. By Nakia Williams Virginia Union University 2016 Abstract [Overcoming Domestic Violence as a Victim: A Qualitative Search Method on the future behavior of Domestic Violence victims]. [Nakia Williams, 2016]. [ERIC Descriptors: Domestic Violence, Victims, Love, Abuse, Knowledge, Humiliation, Dominancy] This study is designed to provide information to people in the community, professors, students, and law enforcers that interested in gaining more information about Domestic Violence Victims and how their situation can possibility impact the behavior and success that they are or will display in the future. The material provided will come from a variety of Electronic Databases retrieved from the Internet. Information from Police Reports are likely to examine the harm inflicted on Domestic Violence victims. Analyzing the data will provide the audience withShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe term domestic violence is defined as the deliberate frightening, sexual and physical assault, or a beh avior that is abusive or intolerable to others as a part of the regular sequence of power and the domination executed by one confidant companion to the other. The patterns of domestic violence usually comprise of the sexual violence, abusing the partner emotionally, psychological assault, and the physical violence. It is dramatic that how the severity and the frequency of the occurrences of theRead MoreTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: an Effective Treatment Modality for Children and Adolescents Who Have Experienced Traumatic Incidents1687 Words   |  7 PagesTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Effective treatment modality for children and Adolescents who have experienced traumatic incidents * What is TF-CBT and What is it Best Suited for: Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was developed by psychologists J.A. Cohen and, Mannarino, Knudset and Sharon. TF-CBT has been developed for those who have experienced psychological trauma, often on a great scale of magnitude. It is important to define trauma; â€Å"There areRead MoreThe Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1501 Words   |  7 Pagestheir trauma (Getz, 2012).† First trauma-Focused cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is an evidence based treatment is a model designed to assist children and their families in overcoming the negative effects of traumatic experience. There are many types of trauma events such as child abuse, domestic violence, rape violent and community violence and etc. I will be discussing three main section which are: Facing trauma, Evidence based treatment and what differentiates TF-CBT. Read MoreThe Effects Of Childhood Sexual Abuse On Adults Sexual Behavior1521 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Abuse on Adults Sexual Behavior Jamila Kamara Dr. Lauren Vansluytman Morgan State University Sexual abuse leaves many scars, creating feelings of guilt, anger, and fear that haunt survivors throughout their lives. 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While â€Å"the accomplishment of a poem can be publicly recognized by saving, sharing, reading, posting, and publishing’’ -unknown .The act of creating poetry is joyful and self-reinforcing, even when the content is about a sad or traumatic event.†People who write poetry can become more in touch with larger issues of life’s meaning and connectedness, developing a spiritual appreciation of life†-NACP.The act of writing a poem is a skill that people can use to help themselves over and overRead MoreImplications Of Stress. Stress, One Of The Most Common1368 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished after experiencing, or witnessing a life-threatening event. This is predominately an issue related to first responders and army personnel. The impact of stress is not limited to the job, but other factors as well. An article composed by Roberts and Levenson states â€Å"stress and physical exhaustion police officers experience leads to a myriad of psychological, lifestyle, and relationship problems including divorce, alcoholism, domestic violence, and emotional disturbances† (2001). However, stress doesRead MorePtsd and Trauma Focused Cbt4144 Words   |  17 Pagesand Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Many children are exposed to traumatic events before they even become adults. All around the world they are exposed to child abuse, rape, natural disasters, terrorism, car accidents, and school violence among many others. Studies have shown that these traumatic events, if left untreated, can result in significant psychological problems, such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other anxiety disorders, depression, or a number of otherRead MorePeace Domestic Violence Agency Essay2172 Words   |  9 PagesPEACE Domestic Violence Agency HSM 270 - Program Summary Axia – University of Phoenix STUDENT’S NAME Date, 2009 OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAM PEACE Domestic Violence Agency provides a variety of ways to improve the efficiency of domesticated issues, servicing victims of sexual assaults and domestic violence. Their central focus is derived from a strategic mission statement, consequential approach, which essentially regulates the business’ calculated goals. Central Focus: I.) Decrease victimRead MoreShackles: Overcoming Domestic Abuse, by Malaika Cohen2572 Words   |  11 Pagesessay explores the story of Malaika Cohen and her account of experiencing and overcoming domestic abuse. In her book â€Å"Shackles† Malaika describes various forms of domestic abuse from life as a young child with a controlling Mother and a physically abusive Father which continued into her adult romantic relationships. It will highlight the changes to legislation since Malaika was a victim and how the meaning of domestic abuse has changed over the years. It will also take a look at behaviour patterns

Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare Essay - 2088 Words

Petruchio’s Change In the play Taming of the Shrew, written by William Shakespeare, many characters are reshaped and given new personality traits. Petruchio is known as being a cocky man who intends to help tame a shrewish young lady named Kate. There are many critics that believe Petruchio is solely obnoxious and a bully but through out his interactions with Kate it is shown that he truly cares about the well being of others. Of course at the beginning of Petruchio’s plan to tame a young lady he is acting off of his confidence and trying to impress those around him but this soon changes once he begins to interact with Kate. Petruchio proves that his ways have changed and he is only taming Kate to make her feel better about herself, â€Å"Petruchio uses psychological methods, not aggressive or barbaric ones, to tame Kate, which alls her to still be witty and intellectual, but also happily married, at the end of the play†(Natale,98). Petruchio truly believes that by taming Kate he is preforming a good deed and helping her accept herself in this process. In the beginning, Petruchio is very honest with the audience and shares his thoughts out loud without caring what others may think. He admits that he loves money more than anything else in his life â€Å"Hortensio, peace. Thou know’st not gold’s effect./ Tell me her father’s name, and ’tis enough;/ For I will board her, though she chide as loud†(1.2.71-76.) This is why Petruchio is motivated to marry Kate which shows his selfishShow MoreRelatedThe Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare1316 Words   |  6 Pagespatriarchy, and have conquered in achieving a worthy opinion of their genders. In the taming of the Shrew, William Shakespeare expresses the Elizabethan views of oppressive gender roles and the expectations of the submissive behavior of women. This play is about a man named Petruchio who is trying to tame a â€Å"shrew† Katharina .The play is misogynistic, which is apparent through the constant need for Petruchio to tame the shrew, Katherina, women’s dependence on men, and the ownership of women in the play.Read MoreThe Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare1321 Words   |  5 PagesFrom youth we have been showered with tales of true love’s kiss and of Prince Charming breaking the Evil Queen’s curse. Time and again, we are made to see the power of love. In the play, â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew† by William Shakespeare, the renowned playwright takes love deeper than just passion. Shakespeare goes under the surface of love, all the way to its core. The story truly begins as Baptista Minola’s two daughters are readied for marriage: Bianca the sweet and innocent; Katherina the shrewdRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare Essay1990 Words   |  8 PagesThe Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare was written in the latter years of the Elizabethan Era. In this pl ay, Shakespeare looks at the themes of womanhood, patriarchy, courtship, and marriage, which are topics prevalent in Elizabethan Era. Amongst citizens, the topics hold strict beliefs in the public space. This play that illustrates a woman with such self-control and individualism, get forced into the life of a weak woman beholden to her husband. A once strong and domination female characterRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare1097 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen prevalent throughout literature. The play The Taming of the Shrew, by William Shakespeare, examines this theme by detailing the female-pursuits of 3 men, Lucentio, Hortensio, and Petruchio, and their respective methods of â€Å"seduction†. While Lucentio lies in order to attract Bianca and Hortensio elects to marry a woman simply for her wealth, Petruchio, to the surprise of the other male characters, marries a foul-tempered and sharp-tongued â€Å"shrew†, Katherine. After their wedding, Petruchio , a selfishRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare1181 Words   |  5 PagesThe Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare will appeal to Kalidasa because most of his plays are based on Puranas and this play can be used to show the values of Hindu Puranas and respect toward the deities. Hindu Puranas, ancient Indian literature about myths and legends, like Mahabharata teach the society about deed, religion, respect, knowledge, and royalty. Kalidasa can use Shakespeare’s play to reteach Mahabharata’s values, since the play presents themes of wealth, gender role, religiousRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare1612 Words   |  7 Pagespast, women were oppressed because they were not allowed to work and control aspects of their lifestyle, such as working themselves, rather they were forced to marry and depend on their spouses. William Shakespeare chose to present this concept through Katherina’s character in the play The Taming of The Shrew. Throughout the play, Katherina is seems to be untamable due to the manner in which she is first introduced, her attitude changes too abruptly for it to be convincing, and that she is either puttingRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare1255 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare, it focuses on two sisters who must get married however, the oldest must get married first. Here, Shakespeare presents to the audience, Katharina Minola. Katharina is portrayed as an outspoken and stubborn woman. In the play, Kate cannot find a husband because of her aggressive personality, the men speak negatively about her and believe she is not a fit woman to marry. Although, in the play it may seem like Kate will never find a husbandRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare Essay1596 Words   |  7 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew, it is an epic battle of the sexes. In the era that this play was written (Elizabethan), women were told what to do, how to act, and who to be. That is why Katherine is such a fascinating yet confusing character in this play. In this piece, the protagonist Kate is very complex and has many different, unique sides to her personality, which is frowned upon in this time. Before Katherine even spoke in this play she was this horrible, shrewish girl. WhenRead MoreEssay on The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare1088 Words   |  5 Pages The Taming of the Shrew, written by William Shakespeare, is historical proof that flirting and temptation, relating to the opposite sex, has been around since the earliest of times. Because males and females continue to interact, the complications in this play remain as relevant and humorous today as they did to Elizabethan audiences. This is a very fun play, full of comedy and sexual remarks. Its lasting impression imprints itself into the minds of its readers, for it is an unforgettableRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Taming Of The Shrew889 Words   |  4 PagesIn many accounts, William Shakespeare’s Taming Of The Shrew, is often criticized for its seemingly misogynistic themes; such as the thought of â€Å"taming† a woman, thus making her completely submissive to her husband. While in the opening of the play, Katharine, ill-tempered but seemingly impenetrable, gets pulverized by Petruchio’s contradicting her words, and also saying disgusting jokes in an int ense verbal arguement. In another example, one of the other main characters, Bianca, was bet on by several

Natural crime and legal crime Free Essays

Crimes are generally acts carried out that are considered offensive to laws provided by a certain state. Crimes are necessarily defined by the statutes and the by the common law. First, we can say that crime always involves ‘conduct’ only if we stretch the meaning of that term so far as to empty it of substantial content (D. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural crime and legal crime or any similar topic only for you Order Now Husak, 1987). This suggests that we can, whether justly or not, be held criminally liable not merely for what we do, or fail to do, but for what we are, perhaps even for what we think or we intend (Robinson, P. H. 1997). On the other hand, one author suggests that â€Å"we must not, or must not yet, read ‘wrong’ here as morally wrong† (Dworkin, G., 1994). Some of these crimes were defined the law based   on the existing and generally accepted moral standards of a certain society while others are based only on a discretion on what is deemed proper for the benefit of the general public. These general types of crimes are called Mala in se, or that which is wrong in itself and Mala prohibita, which became only wrong after being defined by a certain statute (Simester, A. P., Sullivan, G. R. 2000). We should the always remember that since not all crimes are defined according to moral standards, not all illegal acts, as defined by law are morally wrong. There are crimes that are not wrong in itself, based on the nature of the act, but are considered crimes and therefore are necessarily punishable, once they have been covered by the criminal law (Norrie, A. W. 1993). In discussing the difference between the two types of crimes, it is important that we first understood how these crimes are classified by law. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) crime index, these crimes is classified in thirteen general categories. First category consists of offenses against religion and public worship (blasphemy, disturbing public worship). Second category consists of offenses against the sovereign power (treason, misprision of treason).   Another category consists of offenses against a nation’s currency (counterfeiting, impairing currency). Crimes are also categorized according to offenses against public justice (bribery, perjury, prison-breaking, extortion, compounding felonies, etc.) and those against public peace (riots, unlawful assemblies, libel). Crimes are also classified according to offenses against public trade (cheats, forestalling, and monopoly, engrossing) and those related to chastity (sodomy, adultery, incest, bigamy and fornication). There are also crimes against decency and morality (public indecency, drunkenness, violating the grave) and those against public police and economy (common nuisances, vagrancy, and beggary). Gambling and illegal lotteries are crimes under public policy. Homicide, rape, poisoning with intent of murder, assault and battery, kidnapping and abduction are only few of the crimes classified under individual crimes. Crimes against private property include burglary, arson, robbery, forgery and counterfeiting. Lastly, offenses against public persons include conspiracy (US Department of Justice, FBI 2006). Natural crimes or the so-called Mala in se are those crimes which have been criminalized because of their inherent wrongfulness and are usually based on moral standards. Examples of natural crimes include killing (murder), rape, arson or robbery. These are acts that are morally inacceptable and are inherently wrong (Dressler, J. 2001). These are acts that are necessarily punishable even in the absence of a law. Note that these acts involve harming others lives and properties which are morally wrong. Natural crimes therefore have the element of morality. Mala in se consists of conduct that wrong independently of the criminal law. In contrast, legal crimes which are also called mala prohibita are crimes that consist of conduct that is not wrong based on moral perspective or those which are not inherently wrong based on morality. They become wrong in the eyes of the law which define them as crimes. They only become wrong and thus become crime because of the prohibition of the law (Moore, M. S. 1993). Examples of these crimes are illegal parking, over speeding and probably of forgetting to bring your driver’s license with you when you go out of the house with your car.   In these examples, we cannot in anyway draw a moral element on which we can base the unacceptability of the acts. Parking at the side of the road which has a yellow line painted along it cannot be considered as morally wrong because it anyway, the act does not harm anyone at that same point.   However, it becomes illegal and therefore a crime because certain law defined it as it is. In certain instances, driving over a designated speed is a crime (legal crime) because there are existing laws that prohibits such acts (Fletcher, G. 1978). In the moral perspective, exceeding such designated speed is not morally wrong. In the same way, it is not immoral to forget or leave your driver’s license at home whenever you go out and drive. It is however a crime because a specific statute prohibits anyone to drive without a license. There are certain grounds on which we can draw clear lines between natural crimes (mala in se) and legal crimes (mala prohibita). In the context of Mala en Se crimes, judges are given less discretion under the â€Å"Rule of Law† because such behavior is presumed to be known and understood to be evil (Hart, H. L. A. 1994). Because these crimes are based on moral standards, it would be safe to assess that these acts were defined as crimes as largely influenced by the society’s religions. Killing and raping are acts against a fellow human being are religious perspectives generally views these acts as immoral and are necessarily unacceptable. Therefore, a judge holding such a case does not to have the strong discretion of identifying if the act is wrong or not. It is in this context that the old maxim of judges that â€Å"ignorance of the law excuses no one† can be appreciated (Dworkin, G. 1994). Closely related to the analysis made by other authors, Heath (1999) sees another aspect of crimes that defines the distinction between natural and legal crimes. That element, according to Heath is the victim. â€Å"In a mala en se crime such as assault the victim is the one who was assaulted, and the criminal is the perpetrator† (Heath, Hari 1999). On the other hand, Heath assessed that it is the defendant who is the victim in mala prohibita crimes. Again using the examples used earlier, illegal parking and over speeding were acts that does not necessarily harm anyone but in these cases, the person who did the acts are held liable and are therefore called criminals. In this case, the person turned out to be the victim. Because of the violation, the law enforcers will cause damages or harm to the criminal by imputing legal financial liabilities at least. On the perspective of this paper, it is argued that although there is the absence of morality in mala prohibita crimes, these are justifiable based on the intention of the law to create a more orderly and peaceful society. For example, over speeding may not harm anyone at glance, but this could possibly cause a driver to meet an accident and thus would harm him, properties and lives of others even without his intention. Illegal parking may not seem harmful to anyone at first but try to imagine if people can just park anywhere they want. Would it be a chaotic environment to cars in everywhere? Mala prohibita, for the purpose of this paper, do not at all suppress the freedom and liberty of anyone as some people see them. Mala prohibita laws are intended to set boundaries to human’s great possibility to exceed beyond what they ought to be. Humans have the tendency to act according to what they know is right and what benefits them the most. In certain cases, such acts are out of the consideration of the welfare of others and that is what mala prohibita laws are intended to avoid. REFERENCES Dressler, J. (2001). Understanding Criminal Law (3rd ed.), New York: Lexis Dworkin, G. (ed.) (1994). Morality, Harm and the Law. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Fletcher, G. (1978). Rethinking Criminal Law. Boston: Little, Brown. Hart, L.A. (1994). The Concept of Law (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Heath, Hari (1999). Does North Idaho need more prisons? Idaho Observer, July 1999. Retrieved on January 26, 2008 from http://www.proliberty.com/observer/19990703.htm Husak, D. (1987). Philosophy of Criminal Law. Totowa, N. J.: Rowman Littlefield. Moore, M. S. (1993). Act and Crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Norrie, A. W. (1993). Crime, Reason and History. London: Weidenfeld Nicolson. Robinson, P. H. (1997). Structure and Function in Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Simester, A. P., Sullivan, G. R. (2000). Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Crime in the United States 2005. US Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. September 2006. Retrieved on January 26, 2008 from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/offenses/property_crime/arson.html How to cite Natural crime and legal crime, Essay examples Natural crime and legal crime Free Essays Crimes are generally acts carried out that are considered offensive to laws provided by a certain state. Crimes are necessarily defined by the statutes and the by the common law. First, we can say that crime always involves ‘conduct’ only if we stretch the meaning of that term so far as to empty it of substantial content (D. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural crime and legal crime or any similar topic only for you Order Now Husak, 1987). This suggests that we can, whether justly or not, be held criminally liable not merely for what we do, or fail to do, but for what we are, perhaps even for what we think or we intend (Robinson, P. H. 1997). On the other hand, one author suggests that â€Å"we must not, or must not yet, read ‘wrong’ here as morally wrong† (Dworkin, G., 1994). Some of these crimes were defined the law based   on the existing and generally accepted moral standards of a certain society while others are based only on a discretion on what is deemed proper for the benefit of the general public. These general types of crimes are called Mala in se, or that which is wrong in itself and Mala prohibita, which became only wrong after being defined by a certain statute (Simester, A. P., Sullivan, G. R. 2000). We should the always remember that since not all crimes are defined according to moral standards, not all illegal acts, as defined by law are morally wrong. There are crimes that are not wrong in itself, based on the nature of the act, but are considered crimes and therefore are necessarily punishable, once they have been covered by the criminal law (Norrie, A. W. 1993). In discussing the difference between the two types of crimes, it is important that we first understood how these crimes are classified by law. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) crime index, these crimes is classified in thirteen general categories. First category consists of offenses against religion and public worship (blasphemy, disturbing public worship). Second category consists of offenses against the sovereign power (treason, misprision of treason).   Another category consists of offenses against a nation’s currency (counterfeiting, impairing currency). Crimes are also categorized according to offenses against public justice (bribery, perjury, prison-breaking, extortion, compounding felonies, etc.) and those against public peace (riots, unlawful assemblies, libel). Crimes are also classified according to offenses against public trade (cheats, forestalling, and monopoly, engrossing) and those related to chastity (sodomy, adultery, incest, bigamy and fornication). There are also crimes against decency and morality (public indecency, drunkenness, violating the grave) and those against public police and economy (common nuisances, vagrancy, and beggary). Gambling and illegal lotteries are crimes under public policy. Homicide, rape, poisoning with intent of murder, assault and battery, kidnapping and abduction are only few of the crimes classified under individual crimes. Crimes against private property include burglary, arson, robbery, forgery and counterfeiting. Lastly, offenses against public persons include conspiracy (US Department of Justice, FBI 2006). Natural crimes or the so-called Mala in se are those crimes which have been criminalized because of their inherent wrongfulness and are usually based on moral standards. Examples of natural crimes include killing (murder), rape, arson or robbery. These are acts that are morally inacceptable and are inherently wrong (Dressler, J. 2001). These are acts that are necessarily punishable even in the absence of a law. Note that these acts involve harming others lives and properties which are morally wrong. Natural crimes therefore have the element of morality. Mala in se consists of conduct that wrong independently of the criminal law. In contrast, legal crimes which are also called mala prohibita are crimes that consist of conduct that is not wrong based on moral perspective or those which are not inherently wrong based on morality. They become wrong in the eyes of the law which define them as crimes. They only become wrong and thus become crime because of the prohibition of the law (Moore, M. S. 1993). Examples of these crimes are illegal parking, over speeding and probably of forgetting to bring your driver’s license with you when you go out of the house with your car.   In these examples, we cannot in anyway draw a moral element on which we can base the unacceptability of the acts. Parking at the side of the road which has a yellow line painted along it cannot be considered as morally wrong because it anyway, the act does not harm anyone at that same point.   However, it becomes illegal and therefore a crime because certain law defined it as it is. In certain instances, driving over a designated speed is a crime (legal crime) because there are existing laws that prohibits such acts (Fletcher, G. 1978). In the moral perspective, exceeding such designated speed is not morally wrong. In the same way, it is not immoral to forget or leave your driver’s license at home whenever you go out and drive. It is however a crime because a specific statute prohibits anyone to drive without a license. There are certain grounds on which we can draw clear lines between natural crimes (mala in se) and legal crimes (mala prohibita). In the context of Mala en Se crimes, judges are given less discretion under the â€Å"Rule of Law† because such behavior is presumed to be known and understood to be evil (Hart, H. L. A. 1994). Because these crimes are based on moral standards, it would be safe to assess that these acts were defined as crimes as largely influenced by the society’s religions. Killing and raping are acts against a fellow human being are religious perspectives generally views these acts as immoral and are necessarily unacceptable. Therefore, a judge holding such a case does not to have the strong discretion of identifying if the act is wrong or not. It is in this context that the old maxim of judges that â€Å"ignorance of the law excuses no one† can be appreciated (Dworkin, G. 1994). Closely related to the analysis made by other authors, Heath (1999) sees another aspect of crimes that defines the distinction between natural and legal crimes. That element, according to Heath is the victim. â€Å"In a mala en se crime such as assault the victim is the one who was assaulted, and the criminal is the perpetrator† (Heath, Hari 1999). On the other hand, Heath assessed that it is the defendant who is the victim in mala prohibita crimes.   Again using the examples used earlier, illegal parking and over speeding were acts that does not necessarily harm anyone but in these cases, the person who did the acts are held liable and are therefore called criminals. In this case, the person turned out to be the victim. Because of the violation, the law enforcers will cause damages or harm to the criminal by imputing legal financial liabilities at least. On the perspective of this paper, it is argued that although there is the absence of morality in mala prohibita crimes, these are justifiable based on the intention of the law to create a more orderly and peaceful society. For example, over speeding may not harm anyone at glance, but this could possibly cause a driver to meet an accident and thus would harm him, properties and lives of others even without his intention. Illegal parking may not seem harmful to anyone at first but try to imagine if people can just park anywhere they want. Would it be a chaotic environment to cars in everywhere? Mala prohibita, for the purpose of this paper, do not at all suppress the freedom and liberty of anyone as some people see them. Mala prohibita laws are intended to set boundaries to human’s great possibility to exceed beyond what they ought to be. Humans have the tendency to act according to what they know is right and what benefits them the most. In certain cases, such acts are out of the consideration of the welfare of others and that is what mala prohibita laws are intended to avoid. REFERENCES Dressler, J. (2001). Understanding Criminal Law (3rd ed.), New York: Lexis Dworkin, G. (ed.) (1994). Morality, Harm and the Law. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Fletcher, G. (1978). Rethinking Criminal Law. Boston: Little, Brown. Hart, L.A. (1994). The Concept of Law (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Heath, Hari (1999). Does North Idaho need more prisons? Idaho Observer, July 1999. Retrieved on January 26, 2008 from http://www.proliberty.com/observer/19990703.htm Husak, D. (1987). Philosophy of Criminal Law. Totowa, N. J.: Rowman Littlefield. Moore, M. S. (1993). Act and Crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Norrie, A. W. (1993). Crime, Reason and History. London: Weidenfeld Nicolson. Robinson, P. H. (1997). Structure and Function in Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Simester, A. P., Sullivan, G. R. (2000). Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Crime in the United States 2005. US Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. September 2006. Retrieved on January 26, 2008 from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/05cius/offenses/property_crime/arson.html How to cite Natural crime and legal crime, Essay examples

Break of Day in the Trenches by Isaac Rosenberg Essay Example For Students

Break of Day in the Trenches by Isaac Rosenberg Essay Isaac Rosenberg’s poem describes a day in wartime France. He wrote it in a trench, and posted it inside a letter to Eddie Marsh. His description hasn’t anything glorious or heroic. There’s no sentimentality or lust for glorious deaths, but only resignation and hope. He describes things simply as they are, reflecting his real-life experience through them. This poem is in free verse; there isn’t any regular metre or constant rhymes. This lack of metre and rhyme actually shows this real impression we have of the poet writing what he feels and without any restriction. In fact, there is a feeling in the first four lines of drowsy slow motion; he says â€Å"the darkness crumbles away† instead of saying the sun is rising. Moreover, this effect is increased by the long vowels of the second line. So while the poem begins, the night ends. We feel like nothing moves, except for a rat, which at first surprises the soldier –when it â€Å"leaps in hand†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ but then makes him amused by its mocking and strange look (â€Å"queer sardonic rat†). The tone is for now calm and quiet, while he’s resigned to his and his colleagues’ potential deaths. The next two lines are constructed in a paradox: the soldier â€Å"pulls the parapet’s poppy† and then â€Å"sticks behind ear.† Ind eed, the first action reflects what a soldier does daily during war –he takes lives away–, and the second one is a romantic, lover action –a completely unsoldierly gesture. Additionally, the ‘p’ alliteration of line 5 reminds the sounds of gunfire, and the poppy image is a strong symbol of war by its red colour representing blood. The voice becomes thereafter directed towards the rat. Indeed, when the soldier tells him that â€Å"they would shoot if they knew/ cosmopolitan sympathies†, he means that if the soldier gave himself as much freedom as the rat has (especially fraternising with the enemy), he would be shot. In his poem, Rosenberg also mentions the German troops, but with a sense of equality; he says to the rat â€Å"Now you have touched this English hand/ You will do the same to a German†, showing they’re all the same to the rat, i.e. two groups of men positioned on each side of a no-man’s land. He later on precises the rat’s reaction â€Å"as passes†; the â€Å" grin† he makes shows that the rat is aware of the irony of him wandering freely amongst the dead bodies. Furthermore, describing the â€Å"shrieking iron and flame† the men have to endure, Rosenberg lets us know the young soldiers –the â€Å"haughty athletes† with  "strong eyes† and â€Å"fine limbs†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ are probably all destined for death, for they’re being â€Å"Less chanced than for life† and â€Å"Bonds to the whims of murder† (and this as well shows how the dead men were tied to commands of murder). In the last four lines, Rosenberg uses a metaphor: the poppies dropping and â€Å"ever dropping† have a strong link with the soldiers, as they are dying, and ever dying. He then adds another ironic line: saying â€Å"But mine in my ear is safe† is wrong because having plucked it from earth makes it die. Finally, the very last line opens the poem to the death in a certain way, because the whitening of the dust symbolises the beginning of his journey towards death. To conclude, Isaac Rosenberg pictures us through his poem the horror of life in the trenches during war; noise, death, decay and destruction were all around him, and he doesn’t fail to express the feeling of it.

1 Peter Gospel Essay Example For Students

1 Peter Gospel Essay Biblical historians have many different opinions on who is responsible for theauthorship of the New Testament writings. Concentrating on 1 and 2 Peter, theirdifferent conclusions can be analyzed. Scholars approach the study of authorshipby carefully going over the writings themselves. They discover the how, when,why, who, and where of the writings. Each New Testament scholar has come totheir own conclusion of the authorship of 1 and 2 Peter through this. Theirdifferent views of the authorship of 1 and 2 Peter will be discussed andcompared in this paper. 1 Peter is a New Testament writing. It has only fivechapters that seems to portray the purpose of bringing hope to Christians. Christians should lead their lives by serving God and knowing that the judgementof God will be coming. Their faith will be tested, but Christians are told staytrue to God. The point is to tell Christians that they should keep to theirfaith no matter what is going on in the world. The people being addressed wherethose of the church whom were estranged from their old life. This letter has thesame pattern of a Pauline letter, opening with a greeting and thanksgiving. Thenit gives the purpose and reflects on the identity of Christians. It ends with anexhortation and closing. It is done neatly and kept in order. 1 Paul seems tohave been written in Rome. It is written for the churches in the area ofnorthern Asia Minor. The time period could range from 60-72 C. E. during thetime of Paul whom is considered to have traditional authorship. 2 Peter appearsto be the last testament of the apostle who had authorship of it. Correct teaching is emphasized, showing that is a major concern of the author. The letter gives a warning that judgement will condemn those without goodethical conduct. This includes all heretics. In 2 Peters three chapters, theauthor expresses his believe of the time when judgement will come. The authoruses the Hebrew Scriptures, the prophets testimonies, Peters eyewitness of thetransfiguration of Jesus, and the writings of Paul. The authors point is thatthe Parousia is real and not a myth. 2 Peter tells that the reason for the delayof the Parousia is that Gods time is different from human time. So, the cominghas not occurred when it was believed it should have. It also says that God isdelaying the coming to give time for humans to repent. 2 Peter seems to alsohave been written during the Apostolic Age and is one of the last New Testamentwritings. In The New Oxford Annotated Bible, the authorship seems to be pointingto Peter himself to be the author. It also says that Silvanus could have beenthe author, but it is very doubtful. In the beginning, Peter is named , but atthe end, Silvanus is mentioned in the closing. In 2 Peter, the letter ispresented to have been written by Simeon Peter. He says that he is the servantand apostle of Jesus, but there is doubt to this. By him saying this, doubts ofauthorship is brought forth. The time period is confused by the author sayingthis. The reason for this is Simeon Peters death was predicted by Jesus. Ifthis happened, then he could not have been an apostle of Peter. Also, he claimsto have had fellowship with Peter, but the way the author presents hisinterpretation of Pauls letters, it is doubtful. Another source is TheInterpreters Bible Volume 12. This source also expresses authorship concerns,stating that 1 Peter was written by Peter with the help of Sylvanus who was likea brother to Peter. The place where 1 Peter was written seems to have been Rome. .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027 , .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027 .postImageUrl , .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027 , .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027:hover , .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027:visited , .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027:active { border:0!important; } .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027:active , .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027 .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub341b44484b27dce4af78da235446027:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Ultimate Revenge from Medea EssayThis is because of the fact Babylon is mentioned, and it is considered to be acryptic name meaning Rome. The time period seems to have been in 60 C. E. because this is during the time of the lifetime of Peter. 2 Peters authorshipis also discussed. Simon Peter is said to have been the author but this sourcedoubts it. The difference is style with 1 Peter expresses that they do not havethe same authors. The author is unknown, but wrote in the spirit of Peter,condemning heresy. Rome is considered to have been the place of authorship. Since there is proof that 1 Peter was written in Rome, and due to the fact that2 Peter is heavily influenced by it, then 2 Peter was also written in Rome. Theinfluence that 1 Peter has on 2 Peter proves this. 2 Peter is also considered tohave been written in the middle of the second century. A third source is TheInterpreters Dictionary of the Bible. It expresses that the beginning of 1Peter definitely shows that the author is Peter himself. Also, the authorstating that he was an eyewitness to Jesus backs up the belief that he is theauthor. There is no evidence why he wrote it. Only the belief that he did it tofortify the faith of who he was writing to could have been the explanation. There are arguments against Peter being the author. These come from claims thathe only speaks of Jesus death and resurrection. The only explanation is that heis less concerned with his life, and more concerned with the fact that his deathbrought grace. This source states that there is no proof that can say Peter wasnot the author. If Peter is the author, then the date of the writings can fallaround 64 or 67 C. E. This source also discusses the authorship of 2 Peter. Theapostle Simon Peter is considered to have authorship. This is considered to bean unclear fact though. The purpose of 2 Peter is clearer than the authorship. It is to go against the skepticism of the Parousia. It is considered to bewritten around the second century, long after the apostolic age. A fourth sourceis The Anchor Bible Series. This source discusses that the question of theauthors identity is raised in the text. Silvanus is questioned to be theauthor. He could be Peters secretary, his collaborator, or the true author. Paul is noted to be the author, but the mention of Silvanus in the text putsquestions on this fact. The theological character of 1 Peter seems to have someof Silvanuss touch in it. The language of 1 Peter also suggests this. Theauthor has heavy influence of Pauline writings, and this shows that Peter mightnot be the author. For Peter to base a lot of 1 Peter on Pauline writings wouldmake him switch from his Jewish beliefs to a more Gentile Christianity. It couldbe possible but very doubtful. The language of 1 Peter is more toward a Greekstyle than that of a Galilean fisherman, which was what Peter was. This couldpossibly show that he must have collaborated with someone, which was Sivanus. 2Peters author presents himself as the apostle Peter. This would be SimeonPeter. This source believes that it was a follower of Peter that wrote 2 Peterthough. The authors purpose seemed to have been to preserve the apostolictradition. Also, 2 Peter does not have any personal information about Jesus ,showing that he could not have been Peter. The language is portrayed asHellenistic, and not of a Galilean fisherman. This shows that the author isunknown. There is no other evidence that tells who the author could have been. .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f , .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f .postImageUrl , .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f , .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f:hover , .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f:visited , .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f:active { border:0!important; } .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f:active , .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f4d5679a182822b308e5db2faa25c6f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste EssayThe latest 2 Peter was written could have been 90 C. E. It is also believed thatsince the author wanted to have the identity of Peter, then the place ofauthorship was Rome. As noted above, there are different views on the authorshipof 1 and 2 Peter. Some of the bible scholars contrast each other and others areagree upon certain facts. For 1 Peter there is very many questions as to who theauthor is. The evidence points mostly to Peter being the true author. Silvanushas also been considered to be the author. If the evidence is examined closely,he could have only been Peters scribe. Some say that he was the author, oreither he helped Peter wr ite the letter. The text has many different influencesthat come from Peter though, so Silvanus might not have had anything to do withthe writing of the letter. 2 Peters author will probably stay anonymous. Although Simeon Peter could have been the author there is strong evidence thathe was not. It could have been someone who wanted to uphold the apostolictradition, so this person wrote as Peter. The author only portrayed himself asPeter and was not actually Peter himself. Bible scholars will probably continueto study the authorship if 1 and 2 Peter. One day they might find hard evidenceto who the author really was. Until then they can only use the text of the Bibleto research the authorship. For 1 Peter, the authorship has more evidenceshowing Peter was the author. 2 Peters author could have been Peter but moreevidence points to an unknown author. BibliographyBeasley, James R., et al. An Introduction to the Bible. Nashville: AbingdonPress, 1991. The Anchor Bible Series: The Epistles of James, Peter, and Luke. New York, New York: Doubleday, 1964. The Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible. Nashville: Abingdon, 1962. The Interpreters Bible: The Holy Scriptures Volume12. New York: Abingdon Press, 1957. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. New York:Oxford University Press, 1994. Religion